R version 3.5.1 (2018-07-02) -- "Feather Spray"
Copyright (C) 2018 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing
Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin15.6.0 (64-bit)

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Warning message:
package ‘ggplot2’ was built under R version 3.5.2 
> setwd('/Users/jfukuyam/GitHub/stat-comp-fall-19/lectures/lecture10/')
> f = function(y, z) {
+     x = y^2 - 3 * z^2
+     w = 28
+     if (x > 0 && a > 0) {
+         u = 1 + x
+     } else {
+         u = 10
+     }
+     return(u)
+ }
> f(0, 1)
[1] 10
> f(1, 0)
Error in f(1, 0) : object 'a' not found
> debug(f)
> f(1, 0)
debugging in: f(1, 0)
debug at #1: {
    x = y^2 - 3 * z^2
    w = 28
    if (x > 0 && a > 0) {
        u = 1 + x
    }
    else {
        u = 10
    }
    return(u)
}
Browse[2]> ls()
[1] "y" "z"
Browse[2]> y
[1] 1
Browse[2]> z
[1] 0
Browse[2]> n
debug at #2: x = y^2 - 3 * z^2
Browse[2]> n
debug at #3: w = 28
Browse[2]> x
[1] 1
Browse[2]> y^2 - 3 * z^2
[1] 1
Browse[2]> w
Error: object 'w' not found
Browse[2]> n
debug at #4: if (x > 0 && a > 0) {
    u = 1 + x
} else {
    u = 10
}
Browse[2]> w
[1] 28
Browse[2]> x
[1] 1
Browse[2]> x > 0
[1] TRUE
Browse[2]> a
Error: object 'a' not found
Browse[2]> Q
> f = function(y, z) {
+     x = y^2 - 3 * z^2
+     w = 28
+     browser(expr = x > 0)
+     if (x > 0 && a > 0) {
+         u = 1 + x
+     } else {
+         u = 10
+     }
+     return(u)
+ }
> f(0, 1)
[1] 10
> f(1, 0)
Called from: f(1, 0)
Browse[1]> debug at #5: if (x > 0 && a > 0) {
    u = 1 + x
} else {
    u = 10
}
Browse[2]> ls()
[1] "w" "x" "y" "z"
Browse[2]> x
[1] 1
Browse[2]> x > 0
[1] TRUE
Browse[2]> a > 0
Error: object 'a' not found
Browse[2]> Q
> g = function(a) {
+     y = a^2 + 3
+     if(y - 10 > 2) {
+         return(y)
+     } else {
+         return(z)
+     }
+ }
> f = function(y, z) {
+     x = y^2 - 3 * g(z)
+     w = 28
+     if (x > 0 && a > 0) {
+         u = 1 + x
+     } else {
+         u = 10
+     }
+     return(u)
+ }
> f(0,1)
Error in g(z) (from #6) : object 'z' not found
> debug(f)
> f(0, 1)
debugging in: f(0, 1)
debug at #1: {
    x = y^2 - 3 * g(z)
    w = 28
    if (x > 0 && a > 0) {
        u = 1 + x
    }
    else {
        u = 10
    }
    return(u)
}
Browse[2]> ls()
[1] "y" "z"
Browse[2]> n
debug at #2: x = y^2 - 3 * g(z)
Browse[2]> s
debugging in: g(z)
debug at #1: {
    y = a^2 + 3
    if (y - 10 > 2) {
        return(y)
    }
    else {
        return(z)
    }
}
Browse[3]> ls()
[1] "a"
Browse[3]> a
[1] 1
Browse[3]> n
debug at #2: y = a^2 + 3
Browse[3]> n
debug at #3: if (y - 10 > 2) {
    return(y)
} else {
    return(z)
}
Browse[3]> y
[1] 4
Browse[3]> a^2 +3
[1] 4
Browse[3]> y - 10
[1] -6
Browse[3]> y - 10 > 2
[1] FALSE
Browse[3]> z
Error: object 'z' not found
Browse[3]> Q
> f = function(y, z) {
+     x = y^2 - 3 * z^2
+     w = 28
+     if (x > 0 && a > 0) {
+         u = 1 + x
+     } else {
+         u = 10
+     }
+     return(u)
+ }
> f(1, 0)
Error in f(1, 0) (from #4) : object 'a' not found
> traceback()
1: f(1, 0)
> g = function(a) {
+     y = a^2 + 3
+     if(y - 10 > 2) {
+         return(y)
+     } else {
+         return(z)
+     }
+ }
> f = function(y, z) {
+     x = y^2 - 3 * g(z)
+     w = 28
+     if (x > 0 && a > 0) {
+         u = 1 + x
+     } else {
+         u = 10
+     }
+     return(u)
+ }
> f(1, 0)
Error in g(z) (from #6) : object 'z' not found
> traceback()
2: g(z) at #2
1: f(1, 0)
> f(10, 3.1)
Error in f(10, 3.1) : object 'a' not found
> traceback()
1: f(10, 3.1)
> options(error = dump.frames)
> options()$error
(function (dumpto = "last.dump", to.file = FALSE, include.GlobalEnv = FALSE) 
{
    calls <- sys.calls()
    last.dump <- sys.frames()
    names(last.dump) <- limitedLabels(calls)
    if (include.GlobalEnv) {
        last.dump <- c(.GlobalEnv = as.environment(as.list(.GlobalEnv, 
            all.names = TRUE)), last.dump)
    }
    last.dump <- last.dump[-length(last.dump)]
    attr(last.dump, "error.message") <- geterrmessage()
    class(last.dump) <- "dump.frames"
    if (dumpto != "last.dump") 
        assign(dumpto, last.dump)
    if (to.file) 
        save(list = dumpto, file = paste0(dumpto, ".rda"))
    else assign(dumpto, last.dump, envir = .GlobalEnv)
    invisible()
})()
> f(1,0)
Error in g(z) : object 'z' not found
> debugger()
Message:  Error in g(z) : object 'z' not found
Available environments had calls:
1: f(1, 0)
2: #2: g(z)

Enter an environment number, or 0 to exit  Selection: 1
Browsing in the environment with call:
   f(1, 0)
Called from: debugger.look(ind)
Browse[1]> ls()
[1] "y" "z"
Browse[1]> y
[1] 1
Browse[1]> z
[1] 0
Browse[1]> Q
> debugger()
Message:  Error in g(z) : object 'z' not found
Available environments had calls:
1: f(1, 0)
2: #2: g(z)

Enter an environment number, or 0 to exit  Selection: 2
Browsing in the environment with call:
   #2: g(z)
Called from: debugger.look(ind)
Browse[1]> ls()
[1] "a" "y"
Browse[1]> a
[1] 0
Browse[1]> y
[1] 3
Browse[1]> Q
> findruns = function(x, k) {
+     n = length(x)
+     runs = NULL
+     for(i in 1:(n-k)) {
+         if(all(x[i:i+k-1] == 1)) {
+             runs = c(runs, i)
+         }
+         
+     }
+     return(runs)
+ }
> debug(findruns)
> findruns(c(1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1),2)
debugging in: findruns(c(1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1), 2)
debug at #1: {
    n = length(x)
    runs = NULL
    for (i in 1:(n - k)) {
        if (all(x[i:i + k - 1] == 1)) {
            runs = c(runs, i)
        }
    }
    return(runs)
}
Browse[2]> ls()
[1] "k" "x"
Browse[2]> x
[1] 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
Browse[2]> k
[1] 2
Browse[2]> n
debug at #2: n = length(x)
Browse[2]> n
debug at #3: runs = NULL
Browse[2]> print(n)
[1] 9
Browse[2]> length(x)
[1] 9
Browse[2]> n
debug at #4: for (i in 1:(n - k)) {
    if (all(x[i:i + k - 1] == 1)) {
        runs = c(runs, i)
    }
}
Browse[2]> n
debug at #5: if (all(x[i:i + k - 1] == 1)) {
    runs = c(runs, i)
}
Browse[2]> i
[1] 1
Browse[2]> x
[1] 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
Browse[2]> n
debug at #5: if (all(x[i:i + k - 1] == 1)) {
    runs = c(runs, i)
}
Browse[2]> runs
NULL
Browse[2]> n
debug at #5: if (all(x[i:i + k - 1] == 1)) {
    runs = c(runs, i)
}
Browse[2]> i
[1] 3
Browse[2]> x
[1] 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
Browse[2]> all(x[i:i + k - 1] == 1)
[1] TRUE
Browse[2]> x[i:i + k - 1] == 1
[1] TRUE
Browse[2]> i:i + k - 1
[1] 4
Browse[2]> (i:i) + k - 1
[1] 4
Browse[2]> i:i
[1] 3
Browse[2]> 3 + k - 1
[1] 4
Browse[2]> i:(i+k-1)
[1] 3 4
Browse[2]> Q
> findruns = function(x, k) {
+     n = length(x)
+     runs = NULL
+     for(i in 1:(n-k)) {
+         if(all(x[i:(i+k-1)] == 1)) {
+             runs = c(runs, i)
+         }
+         
+     }
+     return(runs)
+ }
> findruns(c(1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1),2)
[1] 4 7
> mind = function(d) {
+     n = nrow(d)
+     ## add a column to identify row number for apply()
+     dd = cbind(d, 1:n)
+     wmins = apply(dd[-n, ], 1, imin)
+     ## wmins will be 2xn, 1st row being indices and 2nd being values
+     i = which.min(wmins[1, ])
+     j = wmins[2, i]
+     return(c(d[i, j], i, j))
+ }
> 
> ## finds the location, value of the minimum in a row x
> imin = function(x) {
+     n = length(x)
+     i = x[n]
+     j = which.min(x[(i + 1):(n - 1)])
+     return(c(j, x[j]))
+ }
> m = rbind(c(0, 12, 5), c(12, 0, 8), c(5, 8, 0))
> mind(m)
Error in d[i, j] (from #9) : subscript out of bounds
> debug(mind)
> mind(m)
debugging in: mind(m)
debug at #1: {
    n = nrow(d)
    dd = cbind(d, 1:n)
    wmins = apply(dd[-n, ], 1, imin)
    i = which.min(wmins[1, ])
    j = wmins[2, i]
    return(c(d[i, j], i, j))
}
Browse[2]> ls()
[1] "d"
Browse[2]> d
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    0   12    5
[2,]   12    0    8
[3,]    5    8    0
Browse[2]> n
debug at #2: n = nrow(d)
Browse[2]> n
debug at #4: dd = cbind(d, 1:n)
Browse[2]> n
debug at #5: wmins = apply(dd[-n, ], 1, imin)
Browse[2]> n
debug at #7: i = which.min(wmins[1, ])
Browse[2]> n
debug at #8: j = wmins[2, i]
Browse[2]> n
debug at #9: return(c(d[i, j], i, j))
Browse[2]> i
[1] 2
Browse[2]> j
[1] 12
Browse[2]> wmins
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    2    1
[2,]   12   12
Browse[2]> Q
> debug(imin)
> undebug(mind)
> mind(m)
debugging in: FUN(newX[, i], ...)
debug at #1: {
    n = length(x)
    i = x[n]
    j = which.min(x[(i + 1):(n - 1)])
    return(c(j, x[j]))
}
Browse[2]> ls()
[1] "x"
Browse[2]> x
[1]  0 12  5  1
Browse[2]> n
debug at #2: n = length(x)
Browse[2]> n
debug at #3: i = x[n]
Browse[2]> print(n)
[1] 4
Browse[2]> length(x)
[1] 4
Browse[2]> n
debug at #4: j = which.min(x[(i + 1):(n - 1)])
Browse[2]> i
[1] 1
Browse[2]> x[n]
[1] 1
Browse[2]> n
debug at #5: return(c(j, x[j]))
Browse[2]> j
[1] 2
Browse[2]> x[(i + 1):(n - 1)]
[1] 12  5
Browse[2]> Q
> imin = function(x) {
+     n = length(x)
+     i = x[n]
+     j = which.min(x[(i + 1):(n - 1)])
+     k = i + j
+     return(c(k, x[k]))
+ }
> debug(imin)
> mind(m)
debugging in: FUN(newX[, i], ...)
debug at #1: {
    n = length(x)
    i = x[n]
    j = which.min(x[(i + 1):(n - 1)])
    k = i + j
    return(c(k, x[k]))
}
Browse[2]> n
debug at #2: n = length(x)
Browse[2]> n
debug at #3: i = x[n]
Browse[2]> n
debug at #4: j = which.min(x[(i + 1):(n - 1)])
Browse[2]> n
debug at #5: k = i + j
Browse[2]> n
debug at #6: return(c(k, x[k]))
Browse[2]> k
[1] 3
Browse[2]> x[k]
[1] 5
Browse[2]> Q
> mind(m)
debugging in: FUN(newX[, i], ...)
debug at #1: {
    n = length(x)
    i = x[n]
    j = which.min(x[(i + 1):(n - 1)])
    k = i + j
    return(c(k, x[k]))
}
Browse[2]> Q
> undebug(mind)
Warning message:
In undebug(mind) : argument is not being debugged
> undebug(imin)
> 
> mind(m)
Error in d[i, j] : subscript out of bounds